6,418 research outputs found
SANKSI HUKUM PENGGELAPAN DALAM JABATAN MENURUT PASAL 8 UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 20 TAHUN 2001 TENTANG PERUBAHAN ATAS UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 31 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PEMBERANTASAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk-bentuk penggelapan dalam jabatan menurut Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi dan bagaimana sanksi hukum penggelapan dalam jabatan menurut Pasal 8 Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi yang dengan metode penelitian hukum normatif disimpulkan: 1. Bentuk-bentuk penggelapan dalam jabatan menurut Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi, antara lain: a. Pegawai negeri menggelapkan uang, membiarkan penggelapan atau membantu melakukan perbuatan tersebut, b. Pegawai negeri memalsukan buku untuk pemeriksaan administrasi, c. Pegawai negeri merusakkan bukti, d. Pegawai negeri membiarkan orang lain merusakkan bukti, e. Pegawai negeri membantu orang lain merusakkan bukti. 2. Sanksi hukum penggelapan dalam jabatan menurut Pasal 8 Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi, terutama bagi mereka yang menjalankan jabatan umum, yaitu pidana minimal tiga tahun dan maksimal lima belas tahun penjara serta pidana denda paling sedikit seratus lima puluh juta rupiah dan paling banyak tujuh ratus lima puluh juta rupiah.Kata kunci: penggelapan dalam jabatan
A stable, single-photon emitter in a thin organic crystal for application to quantum-photonic devices
Single organic molecules offer great promise as bright, reliable sources of
identical single photons on demand, capable of integration into solid-state
devices. It has been proposed that such molecules in a crystalline organic
matrix might be placed close to an optical waveguide for this purpose, but so
far there have been no demonstrations of sufficiently thin crystals, with a
controlled concentration of suitable dopant molecules. Here we present a method
for growing very thin anthracene crystals from super-saturated vapour, which
produces crystals of extreme flatness and controlled thickness. We show how
this crystal can be doped with a widely adjustable concentration of
dibenzoterrylene (DBT) molecules and we examine the optical properties of these
molecules to demonstrate their suitability as quantum emitters in nanophotonic
devices. Our measurements show that the molecules are available in the crystal
as single quantum emitters, with a well-defined polarisation relative to the
crystal axes, making them amenable to alignment with optical nanostructures. We
find that the radiative lifetime and saturation intensity vary little within
the crystal and are not in any way compromised by the unusual matrix
environment. We show that a large fraction of these emitters are able to
deliver more than photons without photo-bleaching, making them
suitable for real applications.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, comments welcom
The Black Hole in Three Dimensional Space Time
The standard Einstein-Maxwell equations in 2+1 spacetime dimensions, with a
negative cosmological constant, admit a black hole solution. The 2+1 black hole
-characterized by mass, angular momentum and charge, defined by flux integrals
at infinity- is quite similar to its 3+1 counterpart. Anti-de Sitter space
appears as a negative energy state separated by a mass gap from the continuous
black hole spectrum. Evaluation of the partition function yields that the
entropy is equal to twice the perimeter length of the horizon.Comment: This version is the one that appeared in PRL (1992), and has
important improvements with respect to the one previously submitted to the
archive. 13 pages, latex, no figure
Structure and Subhalo Population of Halos in a Self-Interacting Dark Matter Cosmology
We study the structure of Milky Way (MW)- and cluster-sized halos in a Lambda
Cold Dark Matter (CDM) cosmology with self-interacting (SI) dark particles. The
cross section per unit of particle mass has the form sigma =
sig_0(1/v_100)^alpha, where sig_0 is a constant in units of cm^2/gr and v_100
is the relative velocity in units of 100 km/s. Different values for sigma with
alpha= 0 or 1 were used. For small values of sigma = const. (sig_0<0.5), the
core density of the halos at z=0 is typically higher at a given mass for lower
values of sig_0 or, at a given sig_0, for lower masses. For values of sig_0 as
high as 3.0, the halos may undergo the gravothermal catastrophe before z=0.
When alpha = 1, the core density of cluster- and MW-sized halos is similar.
Using sigma = 0.5-1.0x(1/v_100), our predictions agree with the central
densities and the core scaling laws of halos both inferred from the
observations of dwarf and LSB galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The cumulative
Vmax-functions of subhalos in MW-sized halos with (sig_0,alpha) = (0.1,0.0),
(0.5,0.0) and (0.5,1.0) agree roughly with observations (luminous satellites)
for Vmax > 30 km/s, while at Vmax = 20 km/s the functions are a factor 5-8
higher, similar to the CDM predictions. The halos with SI have slightly more
specific angular momentum at a given mass shell and are rounder than their CDM
counterparts. We conclude that the introduction of SI particles with sigma
\propto 1/v_100 may remedy the cuspy core problem of the CDM cosmogony, while
the subhalo population number remains similar to that of the CDM halos.Comment: To appear in ApJ, December 20, 2002. We added plots showing the
evolution of the heat capacity profile for halos in the core expansion and
gravothermal catastrophe phases. Minor changes in the text were introduce
Excitations and Quantum Fluctuations in Site Diluted Two-Dimensional Antiferromagnets
We study the effect of site dilution and quantum fluctuations in an
antiferromagnetic spin system on a square lattice within the linear spin-wave
approximation. By performing numerical diagonalization in real space and
finite-size scaling, we characterize the nature of the low-energy spin
excitations for different dilution fractions up to the classical percolation
threshold. We find nontrivial signatures of fractonlike excitations at high
frequencies. Our simulations also confirm the existence of an upper bound for
the amount of quantum fluctuations in the ground state of the system, leading
to the persistence of long-range order up to the percolation threshold. This
result is in agreement with recent neutron-scattering experimental data and
quantum Monte Carlo numerical calculations. We also show that the absence of a
quantum critical point below the classical percolation threshold holds for a
large class of systems whose Hamiltonians can be mapped onto a system of
coupled noninteracting massless bosons.Comment: RevTex 4, 16 pages, 8 EPS figures, typos corrected, data from Ref. 9
added, few minor changes in the text, to appear in Phys. Rev.
The self-energy of a charged particle in the presence of a topological defect distribution
In this work we study a charged particle in the presence of both a continuous
distribution of disclinations and a continuous distribution of edge
dislocations in the framework of the geometrical theory of defects. We obtain
the self-energy for a single charge both in the internal and external regions
of either distribution. For both distributions the result outside the defect
distribution is the self-energy that a single charge experiments in the
presence of a single defect.Comment: 12 pages, Revtex4, two figures,to appear in Int. Joun. Mod. Phys.
Spin Dependent Drell Yan and Double Prompt Photon Production to NLO QCD
We present the complete radiative corrections to the (non
singlet) polarized Drell Yan cross section for the production of a lepton pair
with a nonzero . The helicity of the incoming states is arbitrary. In the
case of double photon, results for the longitudinal asymmetries and on the
behavior of the cross section are also given (to ) in the central rapidity region of the tagged photon.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, Presented by C. Coriano at the Fifth
International meeting DIS 97, Chicago 14-18 April 199
The global migration network of sex-workers
Differences in the social and economic environment across countries encourage
humans to migrate in search of better living conditions, including job
opportunities, higher salaries, security and welfare. Quantifying global
migration is, however, challenging because of poor recording, privacy issues
and residence status. This is particularly critical for some classes of
migrants involved in stigmatised, unregulated or illegal activities. Escorting
services or high-end prostitution are well-paid activities that attract workers
all around the world. In this paper, we study international migration patterns
of sex-workers by using network methods. Using an extensive international
online advertisement directory of escorting services and information about
individual escorts, we reconstruct a migrant flow network where nodes represent
either origin or destination countries. The links represent the direct routes
between two countries. The migration network of sex-workers shows different
structural patterns than the migration of the general population. The network
contains a strong core where mutual migration is often observed between a group
of high-income European countries, yet Europe is split into different network
communities with specific ties to non-European countries. We find
non-reciprocal relations between countries, with some of them mostly offering
while others attract workers. The GDP per capita is a good indicator of country
attractiveness for incoming workers and service rates but is unrelated to the
probability of emigration. The median financial gain of migrating, in
comparison to working at the home country, is 15.9%. Only sex-workers coming
from 77% of the countries have financial gains with migration and average gains
decrease with the GDPc of the country of origin. Our results shows that
high-end sex-worker migration is regulated by economic, geographic and cultural
aspects.Comment: Comments and feedback welcomed. Two tables and 6 figures including S
Education and training among Italian postgraduate medical schools in public health: a comparative analysis
Analisi comparativa dei percorsi formativi offerti
dalle Scuole di specializzazione di Igiene e Medicina
Preventiva in Italia
Background: Il percorso formativo dello specialista
in Igiene e Medicina Preventiva dovrebbe garantire
adeguate conoscenze tecnico-scientifiche e professionali
nei campi della medicina preventiva, della promozione
della salute e della programmazione dei servizi sanitari
secondo quanto indicato anche dal DM 285/2005. La
Consulta degli Specializzandi, da sempre coinvolta in
attività di monitoraggio della formazione a livello nazionale,
si prefigge l’obiettivo di valutare l’omogeneità
delle proposte formative tra le diverse sedi italiane, non
solo per segnalare le criticità, ma anche per evidenziarne
le opportunità.
Metodi: Lo studio, di tipo cross-sectional, è stato condotto
mediante la somministrazione di un questionario
semi-strutturato inviato per la compilazione ai rappresentanti
delle 32 le Scuole di Igiene e Medicina Preventiva
italiane. Lo strumento di valutazione è costituito da
quattro sezioni: informazioni generali, attività formativa
universitaria, attività formativa extra-universitaria, attività
formativa intersettoriale. L’indagine è stata svolta
nel periodo tra marzo e maggio 2013 ed è stata prodotta
un’analisi descrittiva dei dati ottenuti.
Risultati: Il questionario è stato compilato da 28
Scuole su 32 (tasso di risposta 88%), distribuite su
tutto il territorio nazionale. Il numero di medici in
formazione varia tra 7 e 31 e il rapporto tra docenti del
settore scientifico-disciplinare di interesse e i discenti è
compreso tra 0,2 e 2.
Per quanto riguarda la didattica, solo in 4 Scuole
si effettuano tutti i corsi previsti dal DM. La maggior
parte delle sedi svolge almeno il 75% dei corsi previsti,
ma esistono sedi in cui il numero di corsi è inferiore al
50%. La maggior parte delle Scuole svolge più del 60%
delle attività professionalizzanti essenziali secondo
il decreto, ma 2 Scuole non arrivano al 50%. Tutte le
Scuole prevedono un tirocinio di 6-12 mesi in ASL,
affiancando principalmente attività del Dipartimento di
Prevenzione.
Ovunque è previsto un periodo in Direzione Medica
Ospedaliera, mentre le Strutture Riabilitative rientrano
raramente nella rete formativa. Nella maggioranza delle
Scuole è possibile frequentare aziende con rischio biologico
oppure seguire simili attività nei Servizi dedicati della
ASL. Molte Scuole, infine, consentono di frequentare
diverse strutture territoriali (Agenzia di Controllo delle
Acque), regionali (Assessorati) o nazionali (Ministero,
Istituto Superiore di Sanità); in alcuni casi si tratta di
Università gemellate e Istituti di Ricerca.
Conclusioni: Nonostante il DM 285/2005 indichi quali
siano le fondamenta della sanità pubblica, la flessibilità
nella scelta formativa è vista come requisito essenziale
per ottimizzare le risorse e contestualizzare l’adeguata
formazione del medico in formazione specialistica in
Igiene e Medicina Preventiva. La maggior parte delle
Scuole di Specializzazione italiane dovrebbe però prevedere
lo svolgimento della quasi totalità delle attività
formative previste, al fine di non creare disuguaglianze
formative tra gli specializzandi. Infine, considerato che
la sanità pubblica è una disciplina in continuo divenire,
il DM del 2005 andrebbe rivisitato tenendo in considerazione
la flessibilità della formazione ed i continui cambiamenti
dei bisogni di salute essenziali della popolazione.
Inoltre, nel processo di rivisitazione dei bisogni formativi
dei medici in formazione specialistica, dovrebbero essere
coinvolti anche i discenti al fine di rafforzare il potere e
l’efficacia dell’insegnamento.Background The postgraduate medical Schools in Public Health (locally known as School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine) should ensure adequate scientific and technical knowledge and professional skills in preventive medicine, health promotion and healthcare planning as provided by Ministerial Decree 285/2005. The Italian Committee of Medical Residents in Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine - S.It.I. (Consulta Nazionale dei medici in formazione specialistica S.It.I.) has always been engaged in monitoring activities on public health teaching, guaranteeing the homogeneity of educational proposals among all national Schools in Public Health. The purpose of this study is to provide a 'snapshot' of public health education and training in Italy and to identify the improvement actions needed for implementing an innovative and homogeneous public health training. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out over a period of three months (March to May 2013). A self-administered questionnaire was e-mailed to local Committee’s delegates of all 32 postgraduate medical Schools in Public Health in Italy. The questionnaire was structured in four sections: general information, University education and training, extra-University training, interdisciplinary activities. The majority of local Committee’s delegates have agreed to be enrolled in the survey.
Results: A total of 28 questionnaires were returned (88% response rate). The number of residents in each Italian School in Public Health ranged from 7 to 31. The distribution of professors in relation to residents is not similar for each University Schools. The ratio professors/residents spanning from 0.2 to 2.
About teaching, only 4 University Schools offered all courses requested by Ministerial Decree 285/2005. Most of them offered at least 75% of the requested courses, but there were Schools in which the courses were less than 50%. The vast majority of schools held more than 60% of the qualifying activities considered essential according to the Decree, while 2 Schools were below 50%. All Schools required an internship of 6-12 months in local health authority offices (ASL), mainly concerning the Department of Prevention activities.
In all Schools a period of stay in a Hospital Medical Direction was scheduled, while professional activities at Residential care homes were very rarely included in training programmes. Many Schools allowed residents to attend companies with biological hazard or to follow similar activities in dedicated services of ASL.
Finally, in the majority of Schools, a training period in various local (Service for Water Control), regional (Departments) or national (Ministry, National Institute of Health) health facilities was contemplated and, in some cases, also in other Universities or Research Institutes.
Conclusions: Although the Ministerial Decree indicates the essential milestones of the public health education, flexibility is seen as an important element in order to optimize resources and contextualize the adequate education of residents. In any case, at least regarding public health courses, the majority of University education and extra-University training activities should be carried out by all Schools. In order to obtain shared knowledge and skills, the Ministerial Decree should be revised taking into account flexibility and changing as intrinsic characteristics of public health profession and learners should be involved in the reform to strengthening the role of public health teachin
- …